Analysis of Supercritical CO2 Coiled Tubing Fracturing Technology for Shale Gas Formation
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, May 2022
Pages:
46-52
Received:
20 January 2022
Accepted:
17 February 2022
Published:
19 May 2022
Abstract: Hydraulic fracturing of shale formations has led to energy boom both in China and abroad. Currently, water is regularly used as fracturing fluid in commercial shale gas and oil production, but it has raised concerns in many aspects such as environment and reservoir protection. Supercritical CO2, as a non-aqueous fracturing fluid, combined with coiled tubing fracturing technology, can effectively increase shale gas production, shorten operation period, reduce cost, conserve water resources, and minimize environmental impacts. Firstly, the process of supercritical CO2 fracturing with coiled tubing of shale gas formation was introduced, and the potential advantages of using CO2 as working fluid in coiled tubing fracturing of shale gas formation were analyzed, including enhanced fracturing and fracture propagation, reduction of flow-blocking, increased desorption of methane adsorbed in organic-rich parts of the shale, and a reduction or elimination of the deep re-injection of flow-back water that has been linked to induced seismicity and other environmental concerns. In addition, shale gas formations may also become a major utilization option for carbon sequestration. Then, the computational fluid dynamics were applied to simulate the flow fields inside cavity of supercritical CO2 fracturing with coiled tubing, and the pressure boost capability was verified. By comparing the pressure boost effects of water fracturing and supercritical CO2 fracturing, it could be concluded that supercritical CO2 fracturing with coiled tubing has stronger pressure boost effect than water fracturing under the same conditions. The research and development status of supercritical CO2 fracturing equipment and field test were also analyzed. The research results can provide references for the application of supercritical CO2 fracturing with coiled tubing in shale gas formations and the development of related tools.
Abstract: Hydraulic fracturing of shale formations has led to energy boom both in China and abroad. Currently, water is regularly used as fracturing fluid in commercial shale gas and oil production, but it has raised concerns in many aspects such as environment and reservoir protection. Supercritical CO2, as a non-aqueous fracturing fluid, combined with coil...
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Optimization and Characterization of Essential Oil from Black Pepper (Nigrum) Seeds Using the Distillation Extraction Method for Perfume Additives
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, May 2022
Pages:
53-62
Received:
12 April 2022
Accepted:
18 May 2022
Published:
8 June 2022
Abstract: The black pepper seed oils (Piper nigrum) were highly concentrated substances extracted from seeds. The study aims to utilize the seed as a source of oil for cosmetics and perfume applications since the Piper nigrum seed is inexpensive and grows abundantly in our country. It is an annual herbaceous plant. The characteristics of the seed are; that the color is black after drying and the particle size for my experiment was 500,750, and 1000 micrometers. The conditions for extracting the seed were 1 m and 30-250 minutes. The seed produced a colorless, clear aromatic essential oil, which was used in the production of several cosmetics and perfumeries. The seeds were extracted by steam distillation because they had high conversion efficiency and necessarily for oil because of perfume properties addition. The distillation was carried out under controlled temperature and pressure. The optimum extraction temperature was 105°C, 127.5°C, 150°C. The oil yield was 4.83% under the optimal conditions and the minimum yield was 1.67%. The characteristic of the Piper nigrum seed was a strong pleasant aroma. These oils were often used for their cosmetics and their therapeutic or odoriferous properties, in a wide selection of products such as foods and medicines. Cosmetics oil is one of the most time- and effort-consuming processes. The cosmetic composition mainly includes pigment fatty acids, oleic acid 22.94%, hexanoic acid, and octanoic acid 8.61%. The antibacterial properties of the oils were 60% higher efficiency. The acid value of the oil was 5.3 by using NaOH titration with ethanol solution. The aroma odor was changed into a good odor by the addition of Lemmon oil. Cosmetic products were homogeneous and stable during application.
Abstract: The black pepper seed oils (Piper nigrum) were highly concentrated substances extracted from seeds. The study aims to utilize the seed as a source of oil for cosmetics and perfume applications since the Piper nigrum seed is inexpensive and grows abundantly in our country. It is an annual herbaceous plant. The characteristics of the seed are; that t...
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