Reactive Extraction of Propionic Acid: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies
Sunitha Palleti,
Sadam Ilaiah,
Vudata Venkata Basava Rao
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, July 2022
Pages:
63-71
Received:
30 May 2022
Accepted:
24 June 2022
Published:
5 July 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajche.20221004.11
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Abstract: Reactive extraction is an efficient, economical and environmentally friendly method for separating acids from waste streams. The separation of organic residues from aqueous waste streams released from industries is essential from the point of view of pollution control and recovery of useful materials. Propionic acid has become an important feedstock in chemical industries for manufacturing biodegradable polymers and synthetic resins. The disposal of wastewater containing propionic acid has been recognized as a significant expense to the industry and the environment. This study used reactive extraction to separate propionic acid from an aqueous solution using Tri-n-Pentyl Amine and Tri-n-Butyl Amine with different diluents. Kinetic variables such as order of reaction, mass transfer coefficient and rate constants were determined by conducting kinetic studies using a stirred cell in a batch-type reactive system. Physical equilibrium experiments showed that 1-Octanol has the highest extractable strength compared to chloroform and dimethylene chloride. The distribution coefficient of chemical extraction is higher than that of physical extraction. Effect of acid (0.1 to 0.4 N), amine concentration (10% to 40%) is noticed in terms of Distribution coefficient KD in the range of 3 to 19 for TPA and KD in the range of 1.5 to 5.67 for TBA at 0.1N. The Equilibrium complexion constant (KE1) was calculated using the loading ratio (Z) at 10% to 40% amine in 1-octanol. At 40% maximum Equilibrium complexion constants for TPA KE1=10.28 and TBA KE1=5.94 were obtained. The reaction regime depended on the Hatta number value, with TPA being instantaneous and TBA being a fast reaction. The enhancement factors for TPA and TBA were found to be 5.1 and 3.8, respectively.
Abstract: Reactive extraction is an efficient, economical and environmentally friendly method for separating acids from waste streams. The separation of organic residues from aqueous waste streams released from industries is essential from the point of view of pollution control and recovery of useful materials. Propionic acid has become an important feedstoc...
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Effects of Extraction Solvents on Oil Yield from Persea Americana Seed and Its Characterization
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, July 2022
Pages:
72-78
Received:
12 July 2022
Accepted:
27 July 2022
Published:
4 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajche.20221004.12
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Abstract: This study focused on the extraction yield of oil from Persea Americana seed using three different extraction solvents of hexane, diethylether and chloroform respectively. The Persea Americana seeds were prepared prior to extraction process thereby removing dirts and the seeds were washed, dried, crushed and ground to 600µm particle size thereby increasing surface area for oil extraction operational rate of Persea Americana seeds. The ground Persea Americana seeds were soaked for a period of 14 hours to 70 hours under ambient operating conditions. Soxhlet extractor was used in the extraction process and extracted oil was separated from solvent via distillation process. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the yield of oil was obtained at 70 hours for hexane, diethylether and chloroform extraction solvents respectively but diethylether extraction solvent showed higher percentage yield of oil in comparison with other extraction solvents. Characterization of the extracted oil from Persea Americana seeds were performed and the results depicted extracted oil physiochemical properties such as refractive index, PH value, density, specific gravity, iodine value, viscosity, saponification value etc and the results of these parameters are in tandem with other previous studies of Persea Americana seeds and within the range of acceptable value of European and United States of America standards.
Abstract: This study focused on the extraction yield of oil from Persea Americana seed using three different extraction solvents of hexane, diethylether and chloroform respectively. The Persea Americana seeds were prepared prior to extraction process thereby removing dirts and the seeds were washed, dried, crushed and ground to 600µm particle size thereby in...
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Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Approach of Nano Oxides of Calcium by Piper nigrum
Maryam Mushtaq,
Syeda Mona Hassan,
Shahzad Sharif Mughal
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, July 2022
Pages:
79-88
Received:
6 June 2021
Accepted:
8 August 2022
Published:
29 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajche.20221004.13
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Abstract: Spices are a natural source of antioxidants and hence play a vital role in the prevention of a variety diseases. The most extensively used spice in the world is piper nigrum. It is often referred to as the "King of Spices." Piperine (C17H19NO3) is the main compound present in P. nigrum. Due to the presence of alkaloid piperine. piper Nigrum pungent, aromatic and warming in nature. It also has many pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-viral, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory. The green synthesis of nanoparticles is an environmentally benign and appropriate technology, however there are numerous chemical and physical approaches for nanoparticle synthesis. The green synthesized CaO nanoparticles were characterized by using by FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM, XRD and EDX. CaO is particularly interest because it is regarded to be harmless for both people and animals. Many studies have shown that chemical processes can be used to make calcium oxide nanoparticles. CaO-NPs are a non-toxic, low-cost, and widely available raw material for catalysis in a variety of chemical processes. There are several other uses of CaO-NPs such as catalyst, bio-ceramics, refractory implants, biodiesel production, adsorbent, Cr (VI) removal, photocatalyst, trans ferrous oil extraction of palm and sunflower, to emit CO2, to control pollutants and also to remove other toxic metal ions. It can exhibit greater and greater potency as a desorbent for many toxic chemicals.
Abstract: Spices are a natural source of antioxidants and hence play a vital role in the prevention of a variety diseases. The most extensively used spice in the world is piper nigrum. It is often referred to as the "King of Spices." Piperine (C17H19NO3) is the main compound present in P. nigrum. Due to the presence of alkaloid piperine. piper Nigrum pungent...
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